Publications

 Overviews of OBH & Adventure Therapy

Alvarez, T.G., Stauffer, G., Lung, D.M, Sacksteder, K., Beale, B., & Tucker, A.R. (2021). Adventure Group Psychotherapy: An Experiential Approach to Treatment. Routledge.

Gass, M.A., Gillis, H.L. (Lee), & Russell, K.C. (2020). Adventure therapy: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Tucker, A.R., Norton, C.N., Stifler, J., Gass, M., & Bostick, K. (2020). Best practices for working with transgender clients in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 7, 53- 69. https://doi.org/10.19157/JTSP.issue.12.01.04

Harper, N. J., Gabrielsen, L. E., & Carpenter, C. (2018). A cross-cultural exploration of ‘wild’ in wilderness therapy: Canada, Norway and Australia. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 18(2), 148-164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2017.1384743

Dobud, W. W. (2017). Towards an evidence-informed adventure therapy. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 14(3), 172-182. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23761407.2017.1304310

Norton, C.L., & Peyton, J. (2017). Mindfulness-based practice in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 9(1), 7-20.
http://www.natsap-jtsp.com/article/1291.pdf

Russell, K., & Gillis, H. L. (2017). The Adventure Therapy Experience Scale: The psychometric properties of a scale to measure the unique factors moderating an adventure therapy experience. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(2), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825917690541

Bettmann, J. E., Gillis, H. L., Speelman, E. A., Parry, K. J., & Case, J. M. (2016). A Meta-analysis of Wilderness Therapy Outcomes for private pay clients. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2659-2673. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10826-016-0439-0

Becker, S., & Russell, K. C. (2016).  Wilderness therapy for adolescents. In, R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (2nd ed.). Springer Books. 

Chang, T., Tucker, A., Javorski, S., Gass, M., & Norton, C. (2016). Cultural issues in adventure programming: Applying Hofstede’s five dimensions to assessment and practice. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. 17(4), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2016.1259116

Gillis Jr, H. L., Speelman, E., Linville, N., Bailey, E., Kalle, A., Oglesbee, N., Sandlin, J., Thompson, L., & Jensen, J. (2016). Meta-analysis of treatment outcomes measured by the Y-OQ and Y-OQ-SR: Comparing wilderness and non-wilderness treatment programs. Child & Youth Care Forum. Advance online publication.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10566-016-9360-3

Tucker, A., Norton, C., Itin, C., Hobson, J., & Alvarez, M.A. (2016). Adventure therapy: Non deliberative group therapy in action, Social Work with Groups, 39(2-3), 194-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609513.2015.1048416

Gass, M., Tucker, A. R., & Karoff, M. (2015). 1999: History of the Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Research Cooperative (OBHRC). In W. White (Ed.), Stories from the field: A history of wilderness therapy (pp. 119-126).  Wilderness Publishers.

Norton, C.L., Carpenter, C. & Pryor, A. (2015). Adventure therapy around the globe: International perspectives and diverse approaches. Common Ground Publishing.

Bettmann, J., Tucker, A., Tracy, J., & Parry, K. (2014). An exploration of gender, client history and functioning in wilderness therapy participants. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31(3), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2014.943554

Gillis, H.L., Gass, M.A., & Russell, K.C. (2014). Adventure therapy with groups. In J. DeLucia Waack, C. Kalodner, & M. Riva (Eds), The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy (2nd Ed.)(pp. 560-570). Sage Publications.

Norton, C.L., Tucker, A., Russell, K., Bettmann, J., Gass, M., Gillis, L, & Behrens, E. (2014). Adventure therapy with youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(1), 46 - 59. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825913518895

Bowen, D., & Neill, J. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal,  6, 28- 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350120130802001

Norton, C.L. (2013). Creating group norms around the campfire: Adventure based group work with adolescents. In L. Grobman & J. Clements (Eds.), Riding the mutual aid bus and other adventures in group work: A Days in the Lives of Social Workers collection. The New Social Worker.

Bettmann, J.E., Lundahl, B.W., Wright, R.A., Jasperson, R.A., & McRoberts, C. (2011). Who are they? A descriptive study of adolescents in wilderness and residential programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 28 (3), 198-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2011.596735.

Norton, C.L. (2011). Wilderness therapy: Creating a context of hope.  In C.L. Norton (Ed.), Innovative interventions in child and adolescent mental health (pp. 66-140). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2011.633390

Tucker, A. R. (2009). Adventure-based group therapy to promote social skills in adolescents. Social Work with Groups, 32(4), 315-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609510902874594

Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L., & Lewis, T. G. (2008). A five-year follow-up of a nationwide survey of outdoor behavioral healthcare programs. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 55-77. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590803100106

Russell, K. C. (2006). Brat camps, boot camps, or….? Exploring wilderness therapy program theory. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 6, 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670685200741

Russell, K. C. (2003). A nation-wide survey of outdoor behavioral healthcare programs for adolescents with problem behaviors. Journal of Experiential Education, 25, 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590302500306

Russell, K. C. (2000). Exploring how the wilderness therapy process relates to outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education, 23, 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590002300309

Russell, K. C. (2001). What is wilderness therapy? Journal of Experiential Education, 24, 70- 79. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590102400203

OBH’s Impact on Mental Health in Youth

Bettmann, J.E., Kouris, G.M., Anderson, I.M., & Cassleman, B. (2021). Wilderness as healing environment: Treating adolescent substance misuse in wilderness therapy. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 74(1), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2020.1859270

Gass, M. A.; Wilson, T.; Talbot, B.; Tucker, A.R..; Ugianskis, M.; & Brennan, N. (2019). The value of outdoor behavioral healthcare for adolescent substance users with comorbid conditions. Journal of Substance Abuse: Treatment and Research, 13, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178221819870768

DeMille, S., Tucker, A., Gass, M., Javorski, S., VanKanegan, C., Talbot, B., & Karoff, M. (2018). The effectiveness of Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare with struggling adolescents: A comparison group study. Child and Youth Service Review, 88, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.015

Russell, K.C, Gillis, H. L. & Harvey, J. D. (2018). An evaluation of Alaska Crossings: Comparison of the client status review and the Youth Outcome Questionnaire.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 10(1), 127-154. https://doi.org/10.19157/JTSP.issue.10.01.06

Russell, K., Gillis, H.L., Law, L., & Couillard, J. (2018). A pilot study examining outcomes associated with the implementation of progress monitoring at a substance use disorder treatment program for adolescents. Child and Youth Care Forum, 47(3), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9437-2

Karoff, M., Tucker, A.T., Alvarez, M.A., & Kovacs, P. (2017). Infusing a peer to peer support program with adventure therapy for adolescent students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal for Experiential Education, 40(4), 394-408. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825917727551

Dobud, W. W. (2016). Exploring adventure therapy as an early intervention for struggling adolescents. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 19(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400985

Gabrielsen, L. E., & Harper, N. J. (2017). The role of wilderness therapy for adolescents in the face of global trends of urbanization and technification. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1406379

Combs, K. M. (2016). What does it take to get post-discharge data? Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 18-23. 

Combs, K. M., Hoag, M., Javorski, S., & Roberts, S. (2016). Adolescent self-assessment of an Outdoor Behavioral Health program: longitudinal outcomes and trajectories of change. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0497-3

Hoag, M. J., Combs, K. M., & Roberts, S. D. (2016). Pushing beyond outcome: What else changes in wilderness therapy? Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 45-56.  https://www.natsap-jtsp.com/article/1371-pushing-beyond-outcome-what-else-changes-in-wilderness-therapy

Massey, K., Hoag, M., Roberts, S., & Javorski, S. (2016). A multilevel model to examine adolescent outcomes in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: The parent perspective. Child and Youth Care Forum, 45, 353- 365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9331-0

Roberts, S., Stroud, D., Hoag, M. J., & Combs, K. M. (2016). Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Client and Treatment Characteristics Effects on Young Adult Outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education , 39(3), 288-302 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825916655445

Bettmann, J., Clarkson Freeman, P., & Parry, K., (2015). Differences between adopted and non-adopted adolescents in wilderness and residential treatment. The Journal of Experiential Education, 38, 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825915569056.

DeMille, S. M. & Burdict, M. (2015). A theoretically anchored and multi-modal treatment approach in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare program. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 7, 19-30. https://submissions.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/4789/download

Tucker, A., Smith, A., & Gass, M. (2014). The impact of presenting problems and individual client characteristics on treatment outcomes in residential and wilderness treatment programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31(2), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2014.918446

Lewis, S. F. (2013). Examining changes in substance use and conduct problems among treatment‐seeking adolescents. Child and  Adolescent Mental Health, 18(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00657.x

Zelov, R., Tucker, A. R., & Javorksi, S. (2013). A new phase for the NATSAP PRN: Post-discharge reporting and transition to the network wide utilization of the Y-OQ 2.0. Journal of Therapeutic Schools & Programs, 6(1), 7-19. https://submissions.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/4805/download

Bettmann, J.E., Russell, K.C., & Parry, K.J. (2012). How substance abuse recovery skills, readiness to change and symptom reduction impact change processes in wilderness therapy participants. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(8), 1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9665-2.

Magle-Haberek, N., Tucker, A., & Gass, M. (2012). The effects of program differences within wilderness therapy and residential treatment center (RTC) programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 29(3), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2012.697433

Norton, C.L. (2010). Into the wilderness—A case study: The psychodynamics of adolescent depression and the need for a holistic intervention. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38(2), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-009-0205-5

Norton, C.L. (2010). Exploring the process of a therapeutic wilderness experience: Key therapeutic components in the treatment of adolescent depression and psychosocial development. Journal of Therapeutic School and Program, 4(1), 24-46. https://www.natsap-jtsp.com/article/1694-exploring-the-process-of-a-therapeutic-wilderness-experience-key-components-in-the-treatment-of-adolescent-depression-and-psychosocial-development

Norton, C.L. (2008). Understanding the impact of wilderness therapy on adolescent depression and psychosocial development. Illinois Child Welfare, 4(1), 166-178. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/36779/2/21_4norton_paper.pdf

White, D. D., Caulkins, M., & Russell, K. C. (2006). The role of physical exercise in wilderness therapy for troubled adolescent women. Journal of Experiential Education, 29, 18-37. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590602900104

Russell, K. C. (2005). Two years later: A qualitative assessment of youth-well-being and the role of aftercare in outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34, 209-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-005-3470-7

Russell, K. C. (2005). Preliminary results of a study examining the effects of outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment on levels of depression and substance use frequency. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 305-307. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590502700311

Russell, K. C. & Sibthorp, J. (2004). Hierarchical linear modeling of treatment outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 176-191. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590402700205

Russell, K. C. & Farnum, J. (2004). A concurrent model of the wilderness therapy process. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 4, 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670485200411

Russell, K. C. (2003). Assessing treatment outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare using the Youth Outcome Questionnaire. Child and Youth Care Forum. 32, 355-381. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CCAR.0000004507.12946.7e

Russell, K. C. (2002). Does outdoor behavioral healthcare work? A review of studies on the effectiveness of OBH as an intervention and treatment. Journal of Therapeutic Camping, Summer/Fall, 2, 5-12. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ654464

Russell, K. C., & Phillips-Miller, D. (2002). Perspectives on the wilderness therapy process and its relation to outcome. Child and Youth Care Forum, 31, 415-437. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021110417119

OBH’s Impact on Mental Health in Young Adults

Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L., & Hayes, M. (2020). Adventure therapy treatment for young adult males struggling with addictions. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 46(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-020-00003-4

Gillis, H.L., Russell, K.C., Mandas, P., Argo, K., Rose, H., Zelenik, T. et al. (2019). Differences between opioid and non-opioid users during and after outdoor behavioral treatment.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 11, 105-119.  https://natsap.org/pdf_files/JTSP/VOL11/11_ARTICLE_8.pdf

Chapman, J., Groark, S., Beale, M.M., Mandas, P., Argos, K., & Gillis, H.L. (2018). The relationship between self-reported prior drug use and treatment effectiveness in substance use disorder during outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment for young adult males. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 10, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.19157/JTSP.issue.10.01.04 

Curtis, A., Briggs, J., & Behrens, E. (2018).  Young adults in residential treatment and outdoor behavioral health programs: Preliminary outcomes from the Practice Research Network of the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 10, 65-91. https://doi.org/10.19157/JTSP.issue.10.01.03

Bettmann, J.E., Tucker, A., Behrens, E., & Vanderloo, M. (2017). Changes in older adolescents and young adults’ attachment, separation, and mental health during wilderness therapy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0577-4

Roberts, S., Stroud, D., Hoag, M. J., & Massey, K. (2017). Outdoor behavioral healthcare: A longitudinal assessment of young adult outcomes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 95, 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12116

Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L., & Heppner, W. (2016). An examination of mindfulness-based Experiences through adventure in substance use disorder treatment for young adult males: A Pilot Study. Mindfulness, 7, 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0441-4

Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. M., Roberts, S., (2014). Dissecting the wilderness therapy client: Examining clinical trends, findings, and industry patterns. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(4), 382-396. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825914540837

Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. E.,  Roberts, S. D., & Logan, P. (2013). Efficacy of wilderness therapy for young adults: A first look. Journal of Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 30, 294-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2013.852452

Attachment and OBH

Bettmann, J.E, Olson-Morrison, D., & Jasperson, R.A.  (2011). Adolescents in wilderness treatment: A qualitative study of attachment relationships. Journal of Experiential Education, 34 (2), 176-194. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382591103400206

Bettmann, J., & Tucker, A. (2011). Shifts in attachment relationships: A study of adolescents in wilderness treatment. Child and Youth Care Forum, 40(6), 499-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-011-9146-6

Bettmann, J.E, Demong, E., & Jasperson, R.A.  (2008). Treating adolescents with attachment and adoption issues in wilderness therapy settings.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 117-138. 

Bettmann, J.E., & Jasperson, R.A. (2008).  Adults in wilderness treatment: A unique application of attachment theory and research.  Clinical Social Work Journal, 36 (1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0134-0

Bettmann, J.E.  (2007). Changes in adolescent attachment relationships as a response to wilderness treatment.  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55 (1), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00030651070550010103

OBH’s Impact on Physical Health

Lim, C., Donovan, A. M., Harper, N. J., & Naylor, P. J. (2017). Nature elements and fundamental motor skill development opportunities at five elementary school districts in British Columbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101279

Tucker, A., Norton, C., DeMille, S., & Hobson, J. (2016).  The impact of wilderness therapy on physical and emotional health: Utilizing an integrated approach in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare. Journal of Experiential Education, 39 (1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825915607536

DeMille, S., Comart, C., & Tucker, A. (2014).  Body composition changes in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare program. Ecopsychology, 6(3), 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0012

Family and OBH

Norton, C.L., Tucker, A.R, Farnham-Stratton, M., Borroel, F., & Pelletier, A. (2019). Family enrichment adventure therapy: A mixed methods study examining the impact of trauma-informed adventure therapy on children and families affected by abuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 12(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0133-4

Christian, D. D., Perryman, K. L., & Portrie-Bethke, T. L. (2017). Improving the parent–adolescent relationship with adventure-based counseling: An Adlerian perspective. Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 3(1), 44–58. https://doi-org.unh.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/23727810.2017.1281693

DeMille, S. M., & Montgomery, M. (2016). Integrating narrative family therapy in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare program: A case study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9362-6 

Liermann, K., & Norton, C.L. (2016). Positive relationship outcomes between parents and adolescent children following therapeutic wilderness program for struggling teens. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9371-5

Liermann, K., & Norton, C.L. (2016). Enhancing family communication: Examining the impact of a therapeutic wilderness program for struggling teens and parents. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10591-015-9371-5

Tucker, A., Paul, M., Hobson. J., Karoff, M., & Gass, M. (2016). Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Its impact on family functioning. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8, 21-40. https://doi.org/10.19157/JTSP.issue.08.01.05

Tucker, A.R., Widmer, M., Faddis, T., Randolph, B., & Gass, M. (2016). Family therapy in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Current practices and future possibilities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 32-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10591-015-9370-6

Harper, N. & Russell, K. C. (2008). Family involvement and outcome in adolescent wilderness treatment: A mixed-method evaluation. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 1, 19-36. https://www.obhcouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/family-involvement.pdf

Harper, N., Russell, K. C., Cooley, R. & Cupples, J. (2007). Catherine Freer Wilderness Therapy Expeditions: An exploratory case study of adolescent wilderness therapy, family functioning, and the maintenance of change. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36, 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-007-9035-1

Faddis, T.J., & Bettmann, J.E.  (2006). Reflecting team and other innovative family therapy techniques, adapted for outdoor behavioral mental health settings.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1, 57-69. 

Harper, N., Russell, K. C., & Cooley, R. (2006). An exploratory examination of changes in adolescent and family well-being following a wilderness therapy intervention. Journal of Experiential Education, 29, 393-396. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590702900314

OBH and Juvenile Justice

Walsh, M. & Russell. K. C. (2011). An exploratory study of a wilderness adventure program for young offenders. Ecopsychology, 2, 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2010.0035

Gillis, H. L. & Gass, M. A. (2010). Treating juveniles in a sex offender program using adventure-based programming: A matched group design. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710903485583

Gillis, H. L.; Gass, M. & Russell, K. C. (2008). The effectiveness of Project Adventure’s behavior management program for male offenders in residential treatment. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 25, 227-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865710802429689

Russell, K. C. (2006). Evaluating the effects of the Wendigo Lake Expedition program for young offenders. Journal of Juvenile Justice and Youth Violence, 4, 185-203. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1541204006286317

Risk Management in OBH

Gass, M., & Javorski, S. (2013). 10-year incident monitoring trends in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Lessons learned and future directions. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 6, 113-129. https://natsap.org/pdf_files/JTSP/JTSP_VOL6.1.pdf 

Russell, K. C. & Harper, N. (2006). Incident monitoring in outdoor behavioral healthcare programs: A four-year summary of restraint, runaway, injury, and illness rates. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1, 70-90. https://natsap.org/pdf_files/journals/JTSP_VOL4.1.pdf

OBH and Transport/Escort Use

Tucker, A., Combs, K. M., Bettman, J., Chang, T., Graham, S., Hoag, M., & Tatum, C. (2018). Longitudinal outcomes for youth transported to wilderness therapy programs. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(4), 438-451.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516647486 . 

Tucker, A., Bettmann, J., Norton, C.L., & Comart, C. (2015). The role of transport use in Adolescent wilderness treatment: Its relationship to readiness to change and outcome. Child and Youth Care Forum, 44, 671-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9301-6

Community Based Applications of OBH/Adventure Therapy

Norton, C.L., Tucker, A.R., Pelletier, A., VanKanegan, C., & Boggs, K. (2020) Utilizing adventure therapy to increase hope and well-being among shelter residents. the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership (Special Issue: A Critical Exploration of Girls’ and Women’s Experiences in Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership), 12(1), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2020-V12-I1-9928

VanKanegan, C., Tucker, A.R., McMillion, P., & Gass, M. (2019). Adventure therapy and its impact on the functioning of youth in a community setting. Social Work with Groups, 42(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609513.2018.1478761

Christian, D. D., Brown, C. L., & Portrie-Bethke, T. L. (2019). Group climate and development in adventure therapy: An exploratory study. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 44(1), 25–45.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2018.1561776

Karoff, M., Tucker, A.R., Alvarez, M.A., & Kovacs, P. (2017). Infusing a peer to peer support program with adventure therapy for adolescent students with Autism Spectrum Disorder.  Journal for Experiential Education, 40(4), 394-408. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053825917727551

Koperski, H., Tucker, A., Lung, D.M., & Gass, M. (2015). The impact of community based adventure therapy programming on stress and coping skills in adults. Practitioner Scholar: Journal of Counseling and Professional Psychology, 4(1), 1-16. https://scholars.unh.edu/socwork_facpub/53/

Norton, C.L., Watt, T., & Penn, A. (2014). Exploring the impact of a wilderness-based positive youth development program for urban youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(4), 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913503113

Scheinfeld, D. E., & Buser S. J. (2013). Adventure therapy for men’s groups. In A. Rochlen & F. Rabinowitz (Eds.), Breaking barriers in counseling men: Insights and innovations. Routledge Press.

Tucker, A., Javorski, S., Tracy, J., & Beale, B. (2013). The use of adventure therapy in community-based mental health: Decreases in problem severity among youth clients. Child and Youth Care Forum, 42(2), 155-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-012-9190-x

Tucker, A. R., Sugerman, D., & Zelov, R. (2013). On Belay: Providing connection, support and empowerment to children whose parents have cancer. Journal of Experiential Education, 36(2) 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913487889

Scheinfeld, D. E., Rochlen, A. B., & Buser, S. J. (2011). Adventure therapy: A supplementary group therapy approach for men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(2), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022041

Training, Staffing & Supervision

Myrick, L., Wermer-Colan, A., Norton, C.L., & Tucker, A.R. (2021). Understanding trauma-related distress among wilderness therapy field staff. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 13, 69-101.

Norton, C.L., Tucker, A., & Bandoroff, S. (2020). Psychological risk management: Mental health prevention and response strategies in outdoor settings. In N. Harper & W. Dobud (Eds.), Outdoor Therapies (pp. 42-53). Routledge Press.

Norton, C.L., Schultz, M., Benton, A., Boden-McGill, C. & Kiosoglous, C. (in press). Outdoor adventure-based group work to promote coping and resilience among child welfare workers. In T. J. Carter, C. J. Boden-McGill, & K. Peno, (Eds). Transformative Learning in Professional Learning Contexts: Building Resilient Professional Identities for Work-based Practice.

Christian, D. D., & Perryman, K. L. (2018). Adventures in supervision: Implications for supervision of adventure based counseling. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 13(1), 19–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2017.1345670

Karoff, M., Norton, C.L., Tucker, A.T., Gass, M., & Foerster, E. (2019). A qualitative gender analysis of women field guides’ experiences in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: A feminist social work perspective. Affilia: Journal of Women in Social Work, 34(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109918790932

Avery, M.E., Norton, C. L., & Tucker, A.R. (2018). Blazing a trail…together: The need for mentoring and collaboration among women in outdoor leadership. In T. Gray & D. Mitten (Ed.), The Palgrave Macmillan International Handbook of Women and Outdoor Learning (pp. 801-813). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53550-0_55

Tucker, A. R., & Norton, C.L. (2013). The use of adventure therapy techniques by clinical social workers: Implications for practice and training. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41, 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-012-0411-4

Norton, C.L. (2012). Supervision in adventure therapy: Building something with that. In M. Gass, H.L. Gillis, & K.C. Russell (Eds.), Adventure therapy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203136768

Marchand, G. & Russell, K. C. (2011). Initial training of field instructors in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare programs. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 3, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1106

Gass, M. A. & Gillis, H. L. (2010). ENHANCES: Adventure therapy supervision. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(1), 72-89. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382591003300106

Norton, C. L., & Tucker, A. R. (2010). New heights: Adventure-based group work in social work education & practice. Groupwork, 20(2), 24-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/gpwk.v20i2.701

Marchand, G. Russell, K. C. & Cross, R. (2009). An empirical examination of outdoor behavioral healthcare field instructor job related stress and retention. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590803100304

Veterans and the Outdoors

Bettmann, J.E. & Prince, K.C., Ganesh, K., Rugo, K.F., Bryan. A.O., Bryan, C.J., Rozek, D.C., & Leifker, F.R. (in press). The effect of time outdoors on veterans receiving treatment for PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Leonard, A., Hoellger, L., Bettmann, J.E., Kouris, G., & Ganesh, K. (2021). Sierra Club Military Outdoors: A nature-based intervention for female veterans. In D.L. Dustin, K.S. Bricker, D.A. Tysor, & M.T.J. Brownlee (Eds.), Outdoor Recreation and Our Military Family: Pathways to Recovery. Sagamore Venture.

Bettmann, J.E., Anstadt, G., & Kolaski, A.Z. (2020). Therapeutic adventure for military veterans with mental illness: A conceptual argument. Ecopsychology, 12(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2019.0045

Bettmann, J.E., Scheinfeld, D., Prince, K., Garland, E.L, & Ovrom, K. V. (2018). Changes in psychiatric symptoms and psychological processes among veterans participating in a therapeutic adventure program. Psychological Services, 16(4), 525-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ser0000213

Scheinfeld, D. E., Rochlen, A. B., & Russell, M. L. (2017). The impact of outward bound programming on psychosocial functioning for male military veterans. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(4), 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000066

Additional Publications

Dobud, W. W., & Harper, N. J. (2018). Of dodo birds and common factors: A scoping review of direct comparison trials in adventure. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 31, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.01.005

Gray, T., Norton, C.L., Breault-Hood, J., Christie, B., & Taylor, N. (2018) Curating a public self: Exploring social media images of women in the outdoors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership (JOREL) 10(2), 153-170. https://js.sagamorepub.com/jorel/article/view/8191/0

Newman, T., Kim, M., Tucker, A., & Alvarez, A. (2018). Learning through the adventure of youth sport. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(3), 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1413708

Gass, M., Foden, E., & Tucker, A.R. (2017). Program evaluation for health and human service programs: How to tell the right story successfully. In J. D. Christenson & A. N. Merritts (Eds). Family therapy with adolescents in residential settings: Intervention and research (pp. 425-441). New York: Springer.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51747-6_24

Gillis Jr, H. L., Speelman, E., Linville, N., Bailey, E., Kalle, A., Oglesbee, N., ... & Jensen, J. (2016). Meta analysis of treatment outcomes measured by the Y-OQ and Y-OQ-SR comparing wilderness and non-wilderness treatment programs. Child & Youth Care Forum, 45(6), 851-863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9360-3

Gillis, H.L., Kivlighan, D. M., & Russell, K.C. (2016). Between-client and within-client engagement and outcome in a residential wilderness treatment group: An actor partner interdependence analysis. Psychotherapy, 53(4), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000047

Behrens, E. (2016).  Preface:  A Tipping point for the Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8, 4-5. 

Behrens, E. (2015).  Preface:  A case for clinical case studies. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 7, 5-7. 

Norton, C.L., Wisner, B., Krugh, M., Penn, A. (2014). Helping youth transition into an alternative residential school setting: Exploring the effects of a wilderness orientation program on youth purpose and identity complexity. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 31(5), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0331-y

Tucker, A. R., Zelov, R., & Young, M. (2011). Four years along: Emerging traits of programs in the NATSAP Practice Research Network (PRN). Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 5(1), 10-28. https://www.natsap-jtsp.com/article/1701-four-years-along-emerging-traits-of-programs-in-the-natsap-practice-research-network-prn

Norton, C.L. & Hsieh, C. (2011). Cultural bridging through shared adventure: Cross cultural perspectives in adventure therapy. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 11(2), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2011.633390

Tucker, A. R., & Rheingold, A. (2010). Enhancing fidelity in adventure education and adventure therapy. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(3), 258-273. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590113300305

Russell, K. C. & Gillis, H. L. (2010). Experiential therapy in the mental health treatment of adolescents. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4, 47-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913518895

Russell, K. C. (2008). Adolescent substance-use treatment: Service delivery, research on effectiveness, and emerging treatment alternatives. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 2(2-4), 68-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15560350802081264

Gillis, H L. & Speelman. E.(2008). Are Challenge (Ropes) Courses an Effective Tool? A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Experiential Education, 31(2), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105382590803100202